About Yourself Essay Example for Free

About Yourself EssayQ Describe briefly your current job/most recent job responsibilities. State the knowledge and skills you have acquired from this consider A My recent job assignment was in scrutinying domain of TAPAS Vodafone UK purge. We have to test the codes of the development team to validate if the occupation and functional requirements are met. Our tasks inclued- * Understand and analyse what are the expected outcomes from the interfaces of the Development team by going through the revelant documents and and with adequate discussion with the Dev team. * Based on the above, author the Test Cases and Test Scenarios for validating and testing the functional and business requirements of the project * On the technical front, we are expected to execute the shell scripts batches in Unix Environment to give in the data file which is to be checked from the back-end (Oracle 11g) With the help of SQL queries as well as from the front-end Oracle Retail Merc rollising System (ORMS).* As our project duo were located in other parts of the Infosys Offices eg Bangalore, Hyderabad as well as onsite location London, we frequently (usually daily) needed to interact with peers and seniors to discuss the status and progress of the project along with the other issues faced by us, it helped me improve my verbal and no-verbal communication. * As part of testing, we have to raise the defects in an online Quality Control tool which was posterior assigned to the respective developer to fix the bug and many times we would find us in arguments and discussions with the respective devepoler, asserting and proving their points and stand which helped me in inculcating a estimableish professional relation and to remain honest with my task and duty at the like time. * It similarly helped me in approaching and interacting with new mass with the sound technical expertise and skills and put forward my stems , opinions, doubts among my peers and seniors. Q Describe briefl y the most important situation in which you have demonstrated leadership skills during your professional vocation (not portentous 250 words)See moreThe Story of an Hour Literary Analysis EssayQ Describe briefly the most important situation in which you have demonstarted your power to work in teams during your professional carees (not exceeding 250 words) A Last month we, with the motive of improving the interaction among the floor-mates , we, a group of 12 persons of different projects and teams of the very(prenominal) floor planned,discussed and organised a event named L3 Trivia. We as volunteer and anchors, had the job of finding some unusual, interesting and little known facts about our floormates and frame these in a questionaire form to be found and answered by the randomly formed teams for which the team will be awarded marks. The teams had to work together and was asked to take signatures and click a pictures with the respective person to make it interesting and to ensure that everyone knows everyone else by his name and face.The other members of the organising team had to collect the crowd at one place and shell out the different influence cards on the basis on which teams of 10-11 persons would be formed. As an anchor , we have to gather and handle the team with same coloured cards. We needed to coordinate the randomly formed teams, have a quick introduction with each-other and help them in picking a Team Lead. Apart from this, we had to hand them the Questionaire Sheet , explain them the rules of the games, clarify their doubts as well as encouraging them at the same time and evaluating their scores at the end. This event got amazing and enkindle response from the floormates and everyone took out the time for this playful event. We, volunteers were not only appriciated by seniors and HR for our effotrs and hardship for managing,organising this event enjoyable and a hit but we also get to know new people and make friends and exhibit our manager ial skills as well.Q Why do you wish to go for a management career A I always have an interminable dream to have my own business most preferably in online business where I digest tap my technical skills of developing online applications. I believe that going for a Management Degree will be a wise idea for service of process me in materialising my dream because it will not only help me understand the nitty-gritty of the business administration but will also provide me the the meaty knowledge, idea, skills and techniques for management. The process of earning this level will help me to think critically, deal with ambiguity and solve complex business scenarios through case study approach which requires us to evaluate business dilemmas and formulate the best plans of actions.Not only this, the environment there will motivate , develop and improve my soft courses in leadership, people skills and social interaction that can be a help in any walk of life. Before starting my own venture and entering into the business world , I would need a broad perspective of business world like how industry and business works and this degree will in spades give me an invaluable exposure to business concepts and development in functional areas. I think that this degree will help me in achieving an interesting and more responsible and influentional position. In addition, it will provide me the opportunity to meet new ,interesting, and important people and be challenged by peers and experts. That can help our career along. The MBA degree will prepare me to face the situations that can be faced in real life business scenarios, foster own personal growth, develop evoke career opportunities as well as networks.Q What alternative careers are you considering and why? A If I didnt get the opportunity to persue MBA this year, I will rest my present job at Infosys as a engineer for few years to gather more sound technical knowledge and at the same time try to bring through capital for ve nturing my own start-up.Q Describe your strengths/weaknesses as identified by you.A My strengths can be listed as* check and honest towards my duty* Ability to contribute positively as team player* Easily adopt to any environment* Self motivated and confidantMy weaknesses can be listed as* Inconsistent* Easily stressed* Have trouble in planning and prioritizationQ What is your most significant accomplishment so utmostA I would recount one of my junior school misfortune in this case because I had a very positive influence of this incident in formative years at the school. Our school had an annual ceremony to elect the drill Leader at both junior (1-6 class) and senior (7-10 class) sections. Teachers and sisters at our school used to assemble the entire junior/senior wing and the students were told to write the names of their candidates based on academics, sports, extra co-curricular activities etc. In a surprising outcome, out of 500 students from the entire junior wing, around 3 50 have voted in my favour.I was really thrilled to know this because I had never this idea or anticipation that my other classmates and juniors would know me, forget about being admired or revered Although I have always been a good student and excelled in academics and few extra-co-curricular activities, I was also very garrulous, boisterous and a bit indiscplined, so being elected as a School Leader whose responsibility was to ensure discipline was difficult task. But I was really taken aback and amazed by this oucome and even I was not sure if I would be able to shoulder this responsibilty with honestly. This was the first time experience in my life that instilled me with a sense of responsibility.

Race and Ethnicity Essay Example for Free

Race and Ethnicity EssayThe tip comprised in this article is unfortunately true and eye opening. Many whitened mountain are unaware of the natural advantages that are scripted here. They take it for granted thinking everyone else is also entitled to these rights. Since I am non white, I can clearly see that these are privileges given to whites only. I can even say that I make believe never experience some of the things written in McIntoshs list. I disagree with many of these terms. The item on her list that I feel most strongly about is 10. Whether I wasting disease checks, credit cards or cash, I can count on my skin color not to work against the appearance of my financial reliability. People should not relate others financial situation based on their skin color. That is very wrong.It has been engraved into peoples minds that all black people are on welfare or food stamps because they dont work. But that is not true. Just because someone is black does not mean that they a re poor and unable to support themselves. If you are judged for walking into a high end store just because of your skin color, that is very unfair. Race and ethnicity does not have anything to do with someones financial reliability.Another that I think is unfair is 12. I can swear, or dress in second turn clothes, or not answer letters, without having people attribute these choices to the bad morals, the poverty, or the illiteracy of my race. For the same reason as the previous one, race should not be a factor in the judgment of others. McIntosh sees these are privileges for white only when in fact it should not be a privilege.Anything written on this list should be given to everyone, regardless of the race. I definitely agree with McIntosh that whites are taught to think of their lives as morally neutral, normative, and average, and also ideal, so that when we work to benefit others, this is seen as work which will allow them to be more like us.The idea of white privilege relates to the themes of white mogul because it is giving whites an overall advantage in life. White privilege also relates to the themes of white supremacy because it makes them more powerful. Privilege is being of a favored state by birth or luck. If the things declared McIntosh is called privilege, then it is extremely misleading.The idea of white privilege makes them feel confident, comfortable, and oblivious on the other hand, other groups were likely being made unconfident, uncomfortable, and alienated. White power and white supremacy is all about making white people the most powerful and advantageous, white privilege also supports that.

How to Improve Teens Self-Esteem

How to Improve Teens Self-EsteemAdolescence is a crucial stage in the life of your child. As a p bent, you excite the contend of guiding them toward a happy, responsible adulthood. There is neat reason to be worried, with all the changes and challenges confronting them. Though the majority of juveniles can successfully sail through adolescence, a significant number end up stalled or sidetracked along the way. Some barely make it through.A confident juvenile with a strong intelligence of self-worth or healthy self-conceit has a bigger chance of succeeding in life. They whitethorn, however, need some athletic supporter to confuse a fulfilling adolescence and stable readying for the next stage of life. If you want to help your child achieve their dreams, it is proactive to appurtenance your parental care with professional assistance.Why Is Your Teen Unhappy? The maturation Teen Seeing your child groping through the teen years can result in your feeling helpless. You may wond er why they have no friends hanging around your home on the weekends or why they seem uninterested in social events. Could they be suffering from poor self-esteem? Having healthy self-esteem isnt everything, but it can be a good start in negotiating adolescence.In this age of booming telecommunication miracles (the Internet, computers, satellites, etc.), it is easy for teens to bob up a poor self-image by comparing themselves to what they perceive as ideal-clear skin, a body with the right measurements, beautiful and bouncy tresses, etc. Despite k flating that nobodys blameless and even famous beauties have flaws, they may still feel inadequate, unlovable, and unworthy. It has nothing to do with their appearance, weight, or popularity. With low self-worth, they will always find something unacceptable or inadequate about themselves.Teens are vulnerable to poor self-worth because they are in the middle of a transition. Their hormones are shifting and raging, their brain connections are wired differently, and they are incessantly challenged academically and socially. While all these problems are natural, it is not healthy to leave your teen unguided. Adolescence is also a stage when they can be bold with their actions and decisions. It is important to be supportive, but more important to help them develop healthy self-esteem.Self-Esteem in the Eyes of TeensSelf-esteem is the value that an individual gives themselves found on their perceived worth to others and the world in general. It isnt static, but changes throughout life. It is typically most unstable during adolescence and during major life transitions. According to Understanding Teenagers, adolescence is a time of life when a persons self-esteem is known to fluctuate significantly. It is estimated that up to a half of adolescents will struggle with low self-esteem, many of these occurrences during the early teen years.For a teen in search of identity, low self-esteem can harm budding relationships, trus t in others, their ability to achieve their dreams, and their happiness. Unfortunately, improving your childs see to it of themselves and their abilities can be a real challenge, because the issue is complicated by their tendency to measure their worth in terms of their looks.There are several(prenominal) important predictors of an adolescents self-esteem transitions, social stability, and the most influential-appearance. A number of studies have revealed that there is a strong correlation between teenagers who express dissatisfaction with their appearance and those who have low level of self-esteem. The correlation is even stronger among teenage girls as a response to the social pressures generated by the media about what is perfect or ideal.What Your Teens Body lecture Says about Low Self-EsteemHow do you know if your teen has good self-esteem? An adolescent with positive self-esteem is confident, positive, responsible, trusting, and independent but cooperative, with a good sen se of self-direction and control. Other signs include consciousness of their strengths, the ability to say no, and the ability to accept their limitations and shortcomings, resolve their issues, and manage their feelings.Conversely, poor self-esteem can outwardly manifest in being perpetually negative and critical of themselves, perfectionism, and fear of being scoffed at. They will not make decisions, fearing risks or blame for any adverse repercussion. They feel unloved and inadequate, and they are always suspicious of people and their intentions.Some of the observable signs of poor self-worth that you would want to note are pervasive insecurity shown by walking or talking with their heads down to avoid eye contact, being self-critical, using negative statements about themselves, and perpetually apologizing. Wanting to elevate their perceived status, they may tease others, gossip, or engage in name-calling. They may also attract attention by talking loudly, bragging, or using ex cessive gestures. If this is your teen, get their symptoms assessed-the sooner, the better.Supplementing agnatic Care with CounselingThere is nothing better than raising your child in a loving and supportive environment. Be aware, however, that it cant guarantee that your teen will have a perfect life or that you can fix all their issues. There is a world outside your home and there are influences beyond your control. Nevertheless, you can make it easier for your child to enjoy their adolescence. With the right help from a counselor contracted with Carolina Counseling Services in Sanford, NC, to supplement your care, it is achievable.A teens self-esteem is like a roller-coaster ride-there will be ups and downs. This is normal. While many teenagers can handle the stage on their own, they may need help when the going gets tough. With the help of an experienced counselor independently contracted with Carolina Counseling Services in Sanford, NC, your child can realize their full potent ial and flummox into a responsible and independent adult who learns from their mistakes.When your child becomes too hard on themselves because they arent slimmer, fairer, smarter, or more in fashion, be there for them to affirm their worth. If their reaction is extreme to the point of obsession, try to understand them and find help so they can develop healthy self-acceptance and self-worth. This is how a CCS-contracted therapist can help. Call now for an appointment

The Global Childhood Obesity Epidemic Health And Social Care Essay

The Global Childhood Obesity Epidemic Health And hearty C ar EssayIn this paper, the author will examine the complex inter attain of affectionate, economic, biological and environmental determinants of wellness that may explain the recent explosion and shifts in demographic trends of this manhood wide problem and briefly explore invigorationstyle and conductal factors that may create particular chances. This will be followed by discussion about causes, complications and intercession options of childhood corpulency.The author will re stack and analyse determinants and health policy initiatives, critically appraise various global, subject area and local strategies, initiatives and interventions which are aimed to keep open corpulency in childhood and as well examine how they are linked to conventional health promotion models and theories.By critically examining the range of interactions and existing initiatives, the author seeks to apprize appropriate interventions to tac kle the growing challenge of childhood fleshiness.Key words childhood obesity, inequalities, policy, strategy, prevention, health promotionDEFINITIONObesity/Adiposity is defined as a condition characterised by excessive body fat. Body fat send away either be stored predominantly approximately the waist or around the hips.Body Mass Index (BMI) is used to measure obesity and defined asbodyweight(Kg) (Keys et al. 1972)height(m)2BMI is useful in clinical rule and in epidemiologic studies, besides has limitations and in his report (2004), Wang reported that although a high BMI-for-age is a good indicator of excess fat mass, BMI differences among thinner children open fire be largely referable to fat-free mass.Two global infosets that are widely used to define gruelling and obesity in pre-school children are the world-wide Obesity Task draw out (IOTF) reference and WHO standard (WHO Child Growth Standards, 2006). None is superior to the different and both tend to underestimat e or overestimate the prevalence when used on the same population (Monasta et al. 2010).Thresholds for obesity in children in UK (and Scotland) are measured by referring toUK National BMI classification system that uses reference curves based on data from several British studies between 1978 and 1990(ScotPHO 2007).Children are classified as overweight or pear-shaped using the 85th and 95th percentiles as cut points. prevalence trendsObesity has become an epidemic in many parts of the world and surveys over the last decade present document the rapidly increase prevalence of obesity and overweight among children along with rising socioeconomic inequalities (WHO factsheet 2006 Lobstein 2004).The latest WHO report (Mercedes, Monika and Elaine, 2010) based on surveys from 144 countries estimates that globally, 43 million children (including 35 million in developing countries) are overweight and obese and another 92 million are at risk of overweight. This corresponds to a prevalence i ncrease from 4.2% in 1990 to 6.7% in 2010.In England, 2008 figures showed 16.8% of boys aged 2 to 15, and 15.2% of girls were classed as obese, an increase from 11.1% and 12.2% respectively in 1995(Health and Social Care Information Centre, 2010).Scotland has one of the highest levels of obesity in OECD countries only the regular army and Mexico having higher levels. In 2008, 15.1% children were obese and 31.7% were overweight. This is predicted to worsen even with current health improvement efforts (Scottish Govt. report, 2010).Amidst this doom and gloom scenario are recent reports showing trends in overweight and obesity prevalence invite stabilized or reversed in France (Lioret et al.2009), Switzerland (Aeberli, 2008) and Sweden (girls 1011 years) (Sjoberg et al. 2008). In the US too, the obesity epidemic may be stabilising (US CDC Report, 2008 Ogden et al.2010) scarce it is too early to know whether the data do reflect a true plateau (Cali and Caprio, 2008).Similarly, in Engl and, trends in overweight and obesity prevalence have levelled off after 2002 (Stamatakis, Wardle and Cole 2010).COSTSHealthcare costs of obesity are only a fraction of overall costs to society (McCormick 2007) collectable to loss of employment, production levels and premature pensions and extra burdens on businesses.Obesity is responsible for 28% of health costs in Europe and other unquestionable countries (WHO 2007). good cost to NHS Scotland of obesity in 2007/8 was about 175 million and expected to double by 2030. The total cost to Scottish society of obesity in 2007/8 was in excess of 457 million and expected rise to 0.9 cardinal-3 billion by 2030 (Scottish Govt. report 2010).In England, updated estimate of direct obesity-related costs to NHS is 4.2 billion and this may double by 2050. Cost to the wider economy is in the region of 16 billion, and will rise to 50 billion per year by 2050 if left hand unchecked (UK Public health report).INEQUALITIESAlthough an earlier review by Parsons et al.(1999) reported no clear relationship between socio-economic status (SES) in early life and childhood obesity ( that confirmed a strong relationship with increased fatness in adulthood), a more recent systematic review (Shrewsbury Wardle 2008) supports the view that overweight and obesity tend to be more prevalent among socio-economically disadvantaged children in developed countries.Similar patterns are shown in data from England (Stamatakis, Wardle and Cole 2010 Law, 2007) and Scotland (Scottish Govt. report, 2010).However, trends deviate within different ethnic populations (Wang and Zhang 2006) e.g., a review by Caprio et al. (2008) conclude higher prevalence in non-Caucasian populations in US.Earlier reports (Wang, 2001) revealed that the burden of this problem was principally in wealthier sections of the population in developing nations. In contrast, later reports (Lobstein, Baur and Uauy 2004 Wang and Lobstein 2006) indicate that prevalence is rising among the urban poor in these countries, possibly collectible to their icon to Westernized diets overlapping with a history of undernutrition.The reasons for the differences in prevalence of childhood obesity among population groups are complex, involving race, ethnicity, presentditarys, physiology, culture, SES including parental education, environment, and interactions among these determinants (Law et al.2007 Sonia et al. 2008 Townsend and Ridler, 2009).CAUSES and COMPLICATIONSThe information of obesity in childhood and afterwards in adulthood involves interactions among multiple factors (the obesogenic environment)* personal (e.g., dietetical and natural employment patterns preferences disability)* environmental (e.g., home, school, and community)* societal (e.g., food for thought advertising, social network, and peer works)* healthcare-related (access availability)* physiological (e.g. genetics, race and ethnic, psychological, metabolic)Although genetic factors can have an effect on individual predisposition (Rankinen et al 2002), rapidly rising prevalence rates are explained by perinatal and environmental factors (Wojcik Mayer-Davis 2010).Key perinatal factors for childhood obesity are maternal overweight before, during and after pregnancy (Oken at al. 2007 Whitaker and Dietz 1998), smoking (von Kries et al. 2002) and bottle-feeding (Gillman et al. 2001). The mothers dietary habits and level of strong-arm natural process are also important factors (Wojcik Mayer-Davis 2010).The First Law of Thermodynamics implies that weight gain is secondary to increased caloric intake and/or decreased energy expenditure (Anderson and Butcher 2006).Decreased physical activeness levels associated with sedentary recreation (video and computer games), mechanised transportation (less walking), and increasing urbanization (limited opportunity to physical activity) (Trost et al. 2001 Gordon-Larsen, McMurray and Popkin 2000) are associated with increased risk of obes ity.Children with disability are at a greater risk to develop obesity (Reinehr et al. 2010) due to several reasons including health issues and restricted access to physical activity.Television viewing is thought to promote weight gain not only by decreasing physical activity, simply also by increasing energy intake (Epstein et al. 2008). Also, television advertising could adversely affect dietary patterns at other times finishedout the day (Lewis and Hill, 1998).Psychosocial factors are linked to dietary and physical activity demeanors that define energy balance. Children who suffer from neglect and depression are at increased risk for obesity during childhood and later in life (Johnson GJ et al. 2002 Pine DS et al. 2001). On the other hand, social support from parents and others increases participation in physical activity of children and adolescents (Sallis, Prochaska, Taylor 2000).There is evidence that breast take out in infancy may moderately protect against overweight in childhood (Davis 2001) while intake of foods with high glycemic index, sugar sweetened soft drinks and fast-flying foods are associated with increased risk and prevalence of childhood obesity (Ludwig et al. 1999 Ludwig et al. 2001 French 2001) however, long term trials are needed to corroborate this association. Also, eating out (Zoumas-Morse et al. 2001) appears to be an important contributory life style factor.Excessive fat in the diet is believed to cause weight gain (Jequier 2001) however, this association is not consistently shown in epidemiological studies (Atkin L-M Davies 2000 Troiano 2000). Moreover, the type of dietary fat consumed more important than total fat consumption (Kris-Etherton P et al. 2001).Lustig (2006) proposes that the relationship between changes in the environment and neuroendocrinology of military man energy balance is complex. The author explains that behaviours of increased caloric intake and decreased energy expenditure are secondary to obligate weig ht gain that is due to associated hyperinsulinemia, leptin antagonism and interference with normal satiety.Childhood obesity is a multisystem disease with potentially serious complications* Cardiovascular risk factors along with insulin resistance have been documented in children as young as five years old (Young-Hyman et al. 2001).* some(prenominal) studies suggest that childhood overweight/ obesity is associated with increased mortality risk in later life (Gunnell 1998 Dietz 1998).* The rapidly rising prevalence of type 2 diabetes in obese children is worrying in view of the vascular complications (heart disease, stroke, weapon amputation, kidney failure, blindness) (Ludwig and Ebbeling 2001 Sinha et al. 2002). These risks appear to be higher in non-Caucasians (Goran , Ball and Cruz 2000)* Adverse psychosocial effects more severe in white girls (Richard 2000).Treatment in effect(p) intervention is essential because obese children are likely to face substantial health risks as th ey mature (Cali and Caprio 2008 Speiser et al.2005). Further, as healthcare costs of this problem are rising (Wang and Dietz 2002) intervention is infallible to prevent morbidity in adulthood while effective tools for primary prevention are being developed.Spear et al. (2007) reviewed the evidence about the treatment options in primary care, community, and tertiary care settings and proposed a ecumenical 4-step attack for weight charge. This view is back up by a similar review by Uli, Sundarajan and Cuttler (2008).Several large reviews of lifestyle (i.e. dietary, physical activity and/or behavioural therapy) interventions for treating childhood obesity (Luttikhuis et al. 2008 Freeman 2008 Epstein et al. 1985) concluded that family based combined behavioural and lifestyle interventions can produce significant reduction in overweight in children and adolescents.Although Golan et al. (1998) suggested that targeting exclusively parents for change was superior to targeting only child ren for change, behavioural approaches involving both parents and children in the framework of a combined lifestyle intervention appear to be more effective (Wilfley et al. 2007 Epstein 1994 Bronwell 1983).Moreover, intensive lifestyle intervention (with mandatory caloric restriction, multiple counselling sessions and clinic visits and effortless exercise) appears to be more effective (Nemet at al. 2005) than standard lifestyle intervention (Epstein et al. 1980).Although there is no consistent evidence to show the effectiveness of decreasing sedentary behaviour in terms of reducing television viewing (Dennison et al. 2004 Gortmaker et al. 1999), restricting TV food advertising to children may be one of the most cost-effective population-based interventions (Magnus et al. 2009).In obese adolescents, treatment with orlistat or sibutramine is sometimes used as adjunct to lifestyle interventions. However, these drugs have the potential for significant side effects and this approach nee ds close monitoring and follow-up (Freemark 2007).Data indicate substantial weight loss after bariatric surgery in morbidly obese adolescents but potential serious complications (Lawson et al. 2006 Uli et al. 2008) necessitating close follow-up and dedication to a specialized dietary regimen (Shen, Dugay Rajaram 2004) for successful results.Role of schoolsSystematic reviews of random controlled trials (RCT) by Reilly and McDowell (2003) and Summerbell et al. (2005) concluded that the evidence base for interventions in childhood activity or school-based initiatives for prevention of obesity remains limited.In contrast, Thomas et al. (2004) in their review put fore a more positive conclusion. Similarly, Flynn et al. (2006) and Doak et al. (2006) reported favourable outcomes in nearly all trials they reviewed.Interestingly, in an analysis of school-based programs, authors from National Institute for Health and Clinical excellence (NICE), UK (2006) indicated that the evidence does no t convincingly support the multidisciplinary whole school approach advocated by UK National Healthy Schools Program.Nonetheless, Connelly, Duaso Butler (2007) in their review of RCTs have supported a decisive role for obligatory provision of aerobic physical activity in schools coupled with nutritional education and skills training. Finally, Kropski, Keckley Jensens review (2008) concludes that although evidence is limited, schools knead an important role in prevention strategies and different techniques directed at boys and girls for a program may have more impact.HEALTH PROMOTION MODELS relate TO PREVENTION OF CHILDHOOD OBESITYKnowledgeAttitude-Behaviour model proposes that as knowledge accumulates, changes in attitude are set off resulting in gradual change in behaviour. The model assumes that a person is rational (Barnowski 1997). However, evidence shows that most multitude in most situations do not exhibit objectively rational behaviour (Shafir LeBeouf 2002).The commonest application for promoting change by use of this model has been the provision of information in school curricula.Although knowledge partially mediates a relationship between purpose setting and self-efficacy, it is not related to a change in the behaviour (Schnoll Zimmermann 2001) or to changes in physical activity behaviour (Rimal 2001) except perhaps in limited subsets of people (Wang Biddle 2001). Besides, no research has demonstrated that knowledge-based intervention programs lead to behavioural change (Contento et al.1995).Thus, the KAB model, independently, is an inadequate tool in promoting dietary or physical activity-related behavioural change.Behaviour Learning Theory (BLT) According to BLT, behaviours are performed in response to stimuli, and the frequency of such behaviour after a stimulus will increase if the behaviour is reinforced (Skinner 1938).A modern version of BLT, the Behavioural Economics model (Epstein 1999) suggests behaviour is the result of benefits and costs where benefits are reinforcers. Obese people obtain more reinforcing value from food than others (Saelens Epstein 1996) whereas physical activity was found to be more reinforcing among non-obese people (Epstein et al.1991).Further, the distance to a preferred physical activity reduced the reinforcing value of the preferred activity (Raynor, Coleman Epstein, 1998). Thus, obese people tend to find behaviours that lead to obesity more reinforcing.Saelens Epstein (1988) utilise the model successfully in obtaining increased physical activity. However, application of reinforcers procedures on controlling behaviour is challenging and not all parents may be able to do it.HEALTH look MODEL The Health Belief Model helps explain utility of health services and has been widely applied to health-related behaviours (Rosenstock 1966 Janz, Champion Strecher 2002). The model explains health actions through the interaction of sets of beliefs perceived readiness, perceived seriousness perc eived benefits and disadvantages and cues to action.There is evidence that promptness to cues varies depending on their source (Jones, Fowler Hubbard 2000) and perceived importance (Strychar et al 1998). Perception of susceptibility also varies between populations and may not translate into intention to change behaviour (Humphries Krummel 1998) or may do so only weakly (Leventhal, Kelly Leventhal 1999).A meta-analysis turn over by Witte and Allan (2000) of fear-based communications revealed that they can induce behavioural change by affecting individuals perception of curse. However, because children and adolescents tend to see themselves as immortal, the concept of fear and threat and perceived risk, susceptibility and seriousness are not useful in this age group. HBM may become more relevant if the perceived seriousness of and susceptibility to obesity becomes alarming (Baranowski 2003).Social Cognitive Theory (SCT) proposes (Bandura 1986) that behaviour is a function of cont inuous mutual interaction between the environment and the person. Changing behaviour revolves around the ability to exert self-control which is motivated by outcome expectancies because people desire to bring home the bacon positive outcomes and avoid negative outcomes.The theory has been time-tested with a number of behaviours and number of target populations (Bandura 2004 Sharma, Wagner Wilkerson 2006).Programs based on SCT have resulted in some changes as reported in a review by Sharma (2005) of school-based interventions for preventing childhood obesity where SCT was the most popular basis of intervention. However, the predictability of SCT concepts for understanding diet and physical activity among children (Baranowski, Cullen Baranowski 1999) is poor it could be that the concepts are too complex to influence the behaviours of children. Children may not be expected to or able to exercise much control over their diet or physical activity and hence environmental variables l ike parenting (Cullen et al.2003) and availability of food and physical equipment (Hearn et al. 1999) are more significant.Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) or Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) (Fishbein and Ajzen 1975 craze Ajzen 1986) has been applied in many health behaviours (Sutton 1997). It proposes that attitudes, perceived social norms and perceived behavioural control predict behavioural intentions which in turn influence behaviour (Armitage Conner 2001). However, some behaviours are not under a persons control (e.g., healthier food choices may not be available at neighbourhood stores) which is a limitation of TRA. Further, it may be difficult to predict social norms (Terry Hogg 1996). Goding Koks review (1996) reported that the efficiency of the theory varies between health-related behaviour categories. TPB model has been applied to childhood obesity prevention programs with results showing both good (Andrews, Silk Eneli 2010) and mixed (Fila Smith 2006) predictabilit y.Transtheoretical model (T)This model proposes that health behaviour change involves progress through six stages of change precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance, and termination and describes 10 processes that enable this change (Prochaska et al.1992). The model has been successfully applied in addictive disorders like smoking (Velicer at al. 1998) but has limitations when applied in the treatment of eating and weight disorders (Wilson Schlam2004).T has been applied to obesity with studies reporting both good (Sarkin et al. 2001) and poor predictability (Macqueen, Brynes, and Frost 2002).Ecological and Social Ecological ModelsThe complex etiopathogenesis of childhood obesity suggests that social ecological (SE) models may yield creative lasting solutions (Huang and Glass 2008).The SE model initiated by Bronfenbrenner (1977) and later on developed for understanding obesity by Davison and Birch (2001) and Story et al. (2008) propose that the individual i s shown as contributing their cognitions, skills and behaviours, lifestyle, biology and demographics, while embedded in other circles representing the social, physical and macro-level environments to which they are exposed including families, neighbourhoods and the larger cultural environment.Swinburn, Egger Raza (1999) have described the ANGELO (analysis grid for environments linked to obesity) framework which is an ecological model for understanding the obesogenicity of environments.The International Obesity Task Forces model is also based on this theory and describes societal policies and processes with direct and indirect influences on body weight (Kumanyika et al. 2002) as shown hereAn ecological approach is also the basis of the Canadian model the Child Health Ecological Surveillance System (CHESS) represents a prototype for addressing childhood obesity through a local approach, with possible generic applications and global implications (Plotnikoff 2010).Global, regional and national prevention strategiesAs part of the response to fight the childhood obesity epidemic, WHO (2004) developed the Global Strategy for Diet, Physical Activity and Health (DPAS) and produced a range of tools to assist Member States and stakeholders to implement DPAS. It emphasised that National plans should have manageable short-term and intermediate goals.A schematic model developed by WHO (2008) for implementation and monitoring of DPAS provides the basis for a framework for action and explains how supportive environments, policies and programmes can influence behaviour changes in a population and have lasting environmental, social, health and economic benefits. The monitoring and evaluation component provides the foundation for promotion, policy development and action.Figure 2 Implementation framework for the Global Strategy on Diet, Physical Activity and HealthThe model emphasises the need of right mix of upriver (socio-ecological) approaches aim to shape the economic, soc ial and physical (built and natural) environments, midstream ( lifestyle) approaches aim to directly influence behaviour (reducing energy intake and increasing physical activity), and downstream (health services) approaches support health services and clinical interventions (Sacks, Swinburn and Lawrence 2008).Population-based prevention strategies developed in the context of a social determinants-of-health approach and implemented both at the national level and locally in school and community-based programmes help to change the social norm by encouraging healthy behaviours. Further, the responsibility of tackling health risks when transferred from the individual to governments (and decision-makers) helps to address associated socio-economic inequalities (WHO 2009). To be successful, action by multiple stakeholders, coordinated by strategic leadership is vital.Global surveillance tools recommended for growth assessment are Child Growth Standards (WHO 2006) and the Global School-base d disciple Health Survey (GSHS) (WHO 2009).WHO has identified key challenges of population based prevention strategies* Globalization of food systems creating economic and social drivers of obesity through changes in the food supply and peoples diets,* Poorly designed urbanization* Deepening socioeconomic inequalities* Obesity in those with physical and/ or mental disabilities.* Cost-effectiveness A model-based analysis by the boldness for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) and WHO, suggests that combined approaches which address multiple determinants can improve efficiency of intervention programmes (Sassi 2009).Based on The Ottawa Charter for Health packaging (WHO 1986), key elements of global prevention strategies based are* Work at multiple settings schools, after-school programmes, homes and communities and clinical settings* Identify and include vulnerable groups.* Use of meliorate approach, or better, a mix of approaches for a given situation is crucial along wi th concern of country- and community-specific factors, such as availability of resources and/or socioeconomic disparities.* adjust priorities and targets and engage with all stakeholders in a transparent manner.* Allow public access to information on partnerships and disclose potential conflicts of interest to minimize conflicts of interest.* Effective programme implementation and sustainability long term planning and budgeting, as well as identifying cost-effective interventions such as the ACE-Obesity get a line (Carter et al. 2009) is vital..* Creative funding to physiognomy long-term sustainability this might include the development of strategies to uncouple funding by the private sector from direction setting and intervention selection.The International Obesity Taskforce (IOTF) have developed in consultation with WHO a set of (Sydney) principles defined to cover the commercial promotions of foods and beverages to children and guide action on changing merchandise practices them (2007). The principles aim to curb a degree of protection for children against obesogenic foods and beverages.In November 2006, European Union (EU) Member States adopted the European Charter on Counteracting Obesity, which defines WHO policies and action areas at the local, regional, national and international levels for all stakeholders in government and private sector (food manufacturers, advertisers and traders) and professional, consumers, international and intergovernmental organizations.To encourage individual behavioural change, the strategy Healthy Weight, Healthy Lives A Cross-Government Strategy for England (2008) has been developed with following key features* Children, healthy growth and weight* Promoting healthier food choices* Building physical activity into peoples lives (Healthy towns build on the EPODE model ( Borys 2006)* Creating incentives for better health* Personalised advice and supportPolicy drivers include national policy changes (e.g. increased suppor t for surveillance, promotion of breast feeding, bans on unhealthy food advertisements, social marketing campaigns) changes to the food supply (e.g. development of a healthy food code, introduction of front-of-pack labelling, limits on fast-food restaurants near schools and parks, increased supply of fresh fruit and vegetables to stores in deprive areas) development of a national physical activity plan in part (tied to the 2012 Olympics with the purpose of improving built environments) and improved nutrition-related health service provision). The project is led by an intergovernmental team, and has provided resources for local governing and National Health Service (NHS) and established knowledge-sharing points. Partnerships within government have been strengthened in order to leverage funds and to integrate projects into existing strategies and programmes.* Facilitate a national dialogue on societys response to the epidemic of excess weight* Develop a comprehensive marketing progr amme* National prioritisation and clear accountability within Government* Build up Staff skills and capabilities* Extensive support and guidance for PCTs and local authorities* Clear Whitehall decision-making and setting aside financial resourcesThe Government and Convention of Scottish Local Authorities (COSLA) have developed a Route Map to prevent overweight and obesity (2010) for decision-makers working with their partners, NHS Scotland and businesses to develop and subsequently deliver lasting solutions. The Government has targets to reduce the rate of increase in the proportion of children with unhealthy BMI by 2018 but none yet for obesity or weight management.Policies for prevention are directed at reducing energy consumption, increasing physical activity and minimising sedentary behaviour, creating positive health behaviour through early life interventions and building healthier work place environments.Policy drivers include1. For obesity management* The HEAT (health improve ment, efficiency, access, treatment) H3 target for child healthy weight intervention programmes* Counterweight (evidence based obesity management in Primary Care)* Scottish Enhanced serve for childhood obesity in the Western Isles2. For obesity prevention* Implement initiatives in Lets Make Scotland More Active* Recipe for Success Scotlands National fodder and Drink Policy* Eight Healthy Weight Communities programmes across Scotland* Seven Smarter Choices Smarter Places active travel demonstration towns* The Take Life On national social marketing campaign aims* Beyond the School Gate and NHS Health Scotlands Healthy Weight Outcomes Framework will provide guidance to help create health-promoting communitiesIn addition, there are several national programs directed to a Greener, Healthier, Smarter, Safer and Stronger Scotland which are likely to have indirect contribution to tackle overweight and obesity.CONCLUSIONThe render emphasises the rapidly increasing burden of childhood obes ity with associated population profile changes and increasing social inequalities. It explains the complex multifaceted and interlinked causal pathways that form the obesogenic environment.Community and school-based obesity intervention and prevention programmes are described and the role of research protocols in gathering evidence for such interventions and their usefulness is briefly explored. Existing global, regional and national prevention and implementation strategies to fight childhood obesity are specified.The author has reviewed and compared various forms of prevention strategies and interventions (singly and in combination) that are in practice and in which conditions they are effective. The important role of socio-economic development and government policies on urban planning, environment, transport, and education and vitally, the agriculture and food industry can be designed and implemented to achieve reduction of obesity is emphasised.Evidence for effective prevention o f childhood obesity is strongly challenged at present. Further research is required to identify best practice procedures for public health policies that are cost-effective, culturally sensitive, deal

Multidisciplinary Nature Of OB Commerce Essay

Multidisciplinary spirit Of OB Commerce EssayOrganizational sort is the direct of the behavior of the people in an governing body. It is the pick out of the interaction between the people at workplace and also the organization itself. Organizational behavior could be described as the study of how individuals and organizations act and how do these organizations and individuals apply knowledge. Further explaining organization behavior uses scheme approach and studies these characteristics by assuming the person/organization as the whole person or whole organization. The core of organization behavior is to build better relationships by achieving organization aims, individual objectives and social objectives (Hiriyappa, 2009).Multidisciplinary Nature of OBOrganizational behavior is consisting of multidisciplinary nature which is (Robbins, 2010)Psychology the study of the individuals working in the organization under the stated rules and regulation of the organization. It also help to study the individuals learning, personality, emotions, perception, leadership effectiveness, decision making power, job satisfaction, attitude measurements and job stress.Sociology the study of small groups behaviors in the organization. Like the people who are working together on a project so that the group behavior tolerate be analyzed. It also helps to study the behavioral change overs, attitude changes, and ways of communication, group processes and group decision making powers of the individuals in a group.Anthropology at the organizational level, it is the study of the cooperate culture of the organization. It also helps to find out the comparative values, comparative attitudes, cross- culture compend and organizational environmental power.Economics this study depends upon the rational decision making of the organization.Political science it depends upon the study of coalitions and alliances, power and conflict of an organization in the skirt environment.Organizationa l Behavior Major GoalsBy going through all these steps an organization happen upons the major goals likeIt helps to understand and control the behavior of the workers in an organization.It helps to study the behavior in the workplace, interaction between the people and the organization, and the organization itself.It helps to study the habits of the workers against their devoted tasks, explains how the workers do the tasks and how can music directors overview their execution of instruments.It determines the ethics of an organization to accomplish the coveted the goals of an organization.It helps to study the cooperate culture of the organization.It basically focuses on the study of beliefs and customs of an organization.Opportunities of OBBe rush of understanding OB it has set about the most important component of the organizations. such as (Robbins, 2010)A large group of people of different races, cultures and ethnic groups work together.At workplace more women are seen.The typical type of employee is ageing fashion now.Workers who are flexible and capable of work against the global competition are now seen in an organization.Globalization and OBAs the world has pay off the global village so the job of the managers is get changed. An outstanding research among the entire scientist taken by Tomlinson 1999, who examined globalisation affects on culture and how culture affects on globalization. According to him, culture is the way we interpret our experience and guide our actions, while globalization is a major driving force in modern conditions, which enforces the change, by (Markovi, 2012).Responding to GlobalizationOrganizational Behavior (OB) is responding to the globalization very rapidly because its the need of the hour to along the changes in the environment. Because of globalization the duties of the managers are getting changed so that they can compete in the market and provide the goods and services on time and according to the desires of th e customers. OB is responding to the globalization in chase ways (Robbins, 2010)Increase in International assignmentsWorking with people from different culturesOverlooking outsourcing labor to countries with cheap labor prudence of a diverse handsChanging demographicsImproving the determination and productivityImproving customers servicesHelping the employees to balance the work- life conflictsImproving ethical Behavior of workersImproving people skillStimulating innovation and changeGlobalization and Individual PerformanceAs learned from the case study, in the new era of globalization, individual operation is the key issue whose primary objective is to present a strategical framework for human resource management as a response to the growing interaction of individual surgical process and globalization in business. It is that if the human resource managers want to manage the workers for competitive edge in this era of globalization than they have to introduce and implement su ch strategic HRM policies and practices. To asses an individuals performance in an organization performance judgment is the tool used by the managers.Performance appraisal plays a very important role in continuous development of an organization. In todays competitive environment benchmarking and developing continuously to face the fierce competition organizations must indulge in performance monitor lizarding.To monitor the performance of employees of an organization the organization must conduct performance appraisals on continuous basis. The process of performance appraisal could be understood with the help of following figure-1. In simple language Performance Appraisal is the process that involves following(1) Creating SOPs standards of operation(2) Analyzing and assessing the employees performance establish on those SOPs(3) Sharing feedback of the performance analysis with respective employees to remove problems and enabling the employee for continuous development (Gary Dessle r, 2011).PERFORMANCE APPRAISALFigure Performance AppraisalImportance of Performance Appraisal on that point are a hardly a(prenominal) reasons that define the importance of performance appraisal and why it is necessary. Those areMostly in the organization base pay and promotional decisions are made on the bases of the performance of the employees which is assessed by performance appraisal.It helps to covert the employers strategic goals into employees specific goalsIt helps the employers to develop the plan, eliminate the deficiencies at employees level and reinforce the employees to do the right things.It also helps the employees to find their strengths and weakness and serve as a useful career planning process. modes of Performance AppraisalThere are few methods which are used in the organizations to appraise the employees. According to (Misra, 2009) the Evaluation Techniques are as followsRanking Method in this one person is ranked against the given task in a group.Paired Compa rison Method in this method each person is compared with all other employees.Forced Distribution Method in this method the rater appraise each person according to the predefined distribution scale.Group appraisal in this method a group of appraises evaluate the performance of the employees.Management by Objective (MBO) In this method, appraise set the specific measurable goals with each employees and then periodically examine the progress of employees against the set objectives.Behaviorally Anchored military rating Scale is a tool which could be specially used to determine a numerical rating scale which could explain good or blighted behavior.Performance ProblemA performance problem can be defined as the gap between the achieved goals and the craved goals of an employee. In other words it occurs when the employee is failing to achieve the desired goals of the job.Challenges of Performance ManagementIn the present day, where globalization has its major effects on the organizations, performance management system is go about real challenges. such(prenominal) asLack of cultural excellence that motivates the employeesLess motivation may cause the effect on the overall achievement of the desired goals of the organization.Latest technology and training of latest techniques should be given to the employees at all levels.Clear career path for talented employees should be given.The talented workers should be given with the opportunities of doing new challengesThe managers should empower the subordinates so that flow of information and power of making decision at every level should be promoted.Performance Management System in Smaller OrganizationsAs learned from the case study, it is assessed that the performance appraisal system is helpful in smaller organizations because it is easy for the managers to follow the appraisal system as they know each employee personally. But it is important for the manager to not to adopt a lengthy procedure to do it. It is important tha t the manager should be well trained and does all the steps according to the defined rules and regulations. On the contrary the manager, who is not trained and less motivated towards doing appraisal, lead land the whole process and the benefits of this procedure.Performance Appraisal Problem and SolutionPerformance appraisal should be done in the objective manner, without any pressure and without any error. According to (Gary Dessler, 2011) there are certain problems which affect the appraisal method and there solutions. Such asUnclear objective standardsTo improve the reliability and stiffness of the appraisal system it is important the objectives of the essential goals should be clear to the employees so that the required result could be achieved. As the recent changes in the appraisal system involve more parties like subordinates, peers and customers feedback so the system should be accurate and the objectives should be clear to the employees. The only solution to this proble m is that, objectives to both the appraiser and the employee should be clear.Halo military issuesPerformance appraisal has a shortfall which must be brought into notice while rating subordinates supervisors may tend to bias their decisions based on the rating of one singularity to the other, (Gary Dessler, 2011). In other words the employer, on the bases of favoritism, may rate employee higher scores. As learned from the case study that the appraiser, if thinks that the employee is good in one important aspect, will give him or her higher marks in every field ignoring the bad aspects of him or her.Horns EffectOn the contrary, horns effect is when the appraiser rates the employee bad scores on the basis of one serious fault of him or her, ignoring the good aspects of the employee. This may cause to select the bad employee over the good ones. The solution to both Horns and halo effect is this, that the appraiser should be told to rate the employee on a single trait before going on t o the next step.LeniencyThis problem occur when the supervisor consistently rate an employee high or low scores. This leniency should be avoided so that the consistent high or low scores would not destroy the overall reputation of the employee. The solution for this is that the supervisors should tell the appraisers that the consistent rating is illegalize or allowed up to a certain level.BiasnessIt happens when the appraiser biases while doing the ratings this could be on the basis of age, race and sex, which cause affect on the ratings of the employee. This should be avoided because this will also cause the selection of the bad employees over the good ones.RecommendationsAs this is the globalization era, the appraisal process should be used as a scientific method approach. It is observed that the managers in todays world view performance evaluation as a minor portion in their performance management program. Such negligence will force the organization to lose competitive edge cons equently stopping continuous development of the firms employees. Therefore the report shows the importance of performance appraisal in the success of an organization and achieving specialty of labor. The following steps should be followed in this regardOrganizational alignment this is necessary to ensure that the workforce is completely aligned with the strategic goals of the organization. Organization alignment is what keeps the organization on track to achieving its goals, therefore requires a careful and regular analysis and feedback to make the required changes.Communication expectations the communication between the employer and employees should be very clear and concise so that the flow of information among them is without any hurdle. Communication plays a vital role in multinational and national organizations, removing cross cultural or cross border communication glitches is very vital.Employee input employee input is very necessary in the appraisal process. Employee should g ive the total input so that the desired objectives can be achieved. Employee input helps in resolving issues hence motivating employees to work and become specialized in their fields consequently helping the organization to achieve economies of scale.Set SMART goals the goals should be Specific, Measureable, Attainable, Relevant and Time bound (SMART). This is the key of getting the desired objectives. Unrealistic goals is been a problem of most of the failures in the industry, setting targets for employees which are unrealistic and hard or may be impossible to achieve will also de-motivate the workforce.

The Best Things :: Essays Papers

The Best ThingsRecently, there has been a television commercial that has the reflexion there are roughly things money cant buy. The story The Practical Heart by Allan Gurganus could be used for this ad. It is rough a blotto family who is forced into poverty when they lecture America. Her family heritage, the way in which she gets the painting, and the painting itself are all factors in Muriel restoring her family lordliness.Muriels family heritage is a factor because without it dignity is non there to be restored. They lived on a seven-acre compound called Sunnyside. Sunnyside had a big stone house and an orchard. The father was a writer and Professor who had published quaternary books. He was educated by tutors at his home. He was skilled in Greek and Latin and could recite three-days worth of poetry. Muriel, the eldest daughter, was a child forecasting on the piano and had legitimate excellent notices. All of this is a reason for Muriel to have the portrait done . Her family is now living in poverty and is looked down upon by people who should be spirit up. By having the portrait done, the dignity the family once had can be restored. He saved you, and, with you, redeemed your clans tarnished dignity(39). Muriel sees that Sargent can capture the virtue in his paintings and believes that he will be able to capture the true beauty inside her. The way in which Muriel goes about getting the painting is alike a factor because it is the only way to achieve her goal. Muriel saves and sacrifices for years in order to have the means to visit Sargent. When she is ultimately able to go, she knows that she must chair herself in a manner that gives respect to the great artist. Knowing they would need the added respectability its notepaper afforded(47), she stays in the villages best hotel. She tours churches to give the manner of not travelling all the way only for the painting. She wears her best clothes and converses with Sargen t knowingly. She plays the part of someone who is worthy of being paint by the great one. Had Muriel not gone about it in the manner she did, the painting would never have came to be.The Best Things Essays PapersThe Best ThingsRecently, there has been a television commercial that has the saying there are some things money cant buy. The story The Practical Heart by Allan Gurganus could be used for this ad. It is about a wealthy family who is forced into poverty when they visit America. Her family heritage, the way in which she gets the painting, and the painting itself are all factors in Muriel restoring her family dignity.Muriels family heritage is a factor because without it dignity is not there to be restored. They lived on a seven-acre compound called Sunnyside. Sunnyside had a big stone house and an orchard. The father was a writer and Professor who had published four books. He was educated by tutors at his home. He was skilled in Greek and Latin and could recite th ree-days worth of poetry. Muriel, the eldest daughter, was a child prodigy on the piano and had received excellent notices. All of this is a reason for Muriel to have the portrait done. Her family is now living in poverty and is looked down upon by people who should be looking up. By having the portrait done, the dignity the family once had can be restored. He saved you, and, with you, redeemed your clans tarnished dignity(39). Muriel sees that Sargent can capture the truth in his paintings and believes that he will be able to capture the true beauty inside her. The way in which Muriel goes about getting the painting is also a factor because it is the only way to achieve her goal. Muriel saves and sacrifices for years in order to have the means to visit Sargent. When she is finally able to go, she knows that she must conduct herself in a manner that gives respect to the great artist. Knowing they would need the added respectability its notepaper afforded(47), she s tays in the villages best hotel. She tours churches to give the appearance of not travelling all the way only for the painting. She wears her best clothes and converses with Sargent knowingly. She plays the part of someone who is worthy of being painted by the great one. Had Muriel not gone about it in the manner she did, the painting would never have came to be.

Hamlet Essays -- Literature

Comedy and calamity are two totally opposing genres barely both have been very successful during the Elizabethan period. Several plays were written to help people to be instructed in a general way and to toot their emotions through the laughing in drollery or the crying in the tragedy. Among the writers of tragic plays, there was Shakespeare with one of his most famous play The Tragical biography of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark. Regarding comedy, John Lyly takes the myth of Endymion in his courtly comedy Endymion, the Man in the Moon. Starting from these two plays this essay will look at the boundaries that allow define and distinguishing between tragedy and comedy as well as their importance at the time. Tragedy and comedy stand out mainly by the item that one of these genres studys people cry and the other makes them laugh. The boundary between the two is not always easy to distinguish, since a play can be considered as a comedy without being funny, simply because it has a hap py ending. The issue here is to contrast these two genres to better draw the border between them.The comedy featured ordinary characters and thus allowed people to laugh at their pains and ironic situations. Unlike comedy, tragedy had as protagonists, people of high social level. The characters of the tragedy are usually caught in a fate that they cannot escape. It is rare that the tragedy gives a solution or it is in most cases death. To summarise, comedy was designed to make people laugh and show that a happy ending is possible, it often ends with marriages, while the tragedy shows that even very important persons can find themselves in situations that are beyond them and that lead them to their downfall.By writing The Tragical History of Hamlet, Prince of Den... ... of Revenge. 315oA Theory of Renaissance Tragedy. pp. 292Bolt, Sydney. (1985). Hamlet. Peguin Masterstudies.Deats, Sara. (Nov., 1975). The Disarming of the Knight Comic extravaganza in Lylys Endymion South Atlantic B ulletin, Vol. 40, No. 4. pp. 67-75 Houppert, Joseph W. (1975). John Lyly. Twayne Publishers, Boston.oChapter 2. Non-Dramatic Fiction. I Euphues, the Anatomy of Wit. pp. 22-52oChapter 7. Lylys Reputation and Influence. I Lyly the Stylist. pp. 147-150Jump, J. Davies. (1968). Shakespeare Hamlet a casebook. capital of the United Kingdom Macmillan. L. C. Knight. oL.C. Knight. (1960) Hamlet and Death. pp. 151-155 oMack, Maynard. (1952). The World of Hamlet. pp. 86-107Lyly, J., Bevington, D. M. (1996). Endymion. Manchester Manchester University Press. Neufeld, M. Christine. Lylys Chimerical Vision Witchcraft in Endymion.